Write your own dystopian story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write your own dystopian story - Essay Example The country followed another ritual of a lottery of drowning thirty of its citizens down the sea every month to overcome its problems. It was due to these laws that Mrs. Dickinson had hidden her daughter. The Dickinson family was very happy until a police officer saw Emily playing around the house. The Butchering Team arrived at their doorstep. It was the day of the lottery as well. It was an unfortunate day as Mr. Dickinson’s name was in the drowning lottery as well. The family got a tip off and they all walked together towards the sea for the lottery from the backdoor. They took a brave step and Mrs. Dickinson stood in the middle of the crowd at the shore and announced that the entire family was going to go through the drowning ritual. Their protest was joined by a larger crowd and many people joined in. This led to wave of unrest and the state government of Ludiano was overthrown. The leaders were expelled from the state and so were the members of the Butchering Team. This was how peace was again restored in the state

Spiritual Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Spiritual Diversity - Assignment Example Panentheism or animism characterizes the spirituality of Native American with an emphasis on personal spirituality and connectivity with daily activities that occur in spiritual and natural â€Å"worlds† (Rainbow of Spirituality, 2013). Native American Spirituality makes the people to have a belief in sacred and that everything that is done originates from the heart of an individual. As such, the spiritual perspective of this religion is that the Supernatural Being has the sovereign power of bringing illness to the community members. For individuals to receive this healing, spiritual components such as belief, meditation and prayer have to be integrated. This acts as the means of these people to communicate with their creator in order to receive this healing. Native American belief bases on the provision of services from the heart of an individual. As such, the faith of the people is vested on the quality and reliability of services, which are offered by care providers of othe r spiritual beliefs. However, differences in cultural practices make it complex for these people to focus on the healing from the health care providers of other spiritual beliefs. This is because of ethnic barrier and differences in communication pattern with source of healing power (Rainbow of Spirituality, 2013). This makes the Native Americans not to have a strong belief in healing from health care providers of other spiritual beliefs.... Further, the philosophy of Christian and Native American is connected in terms of reliability of health care providers from other spiritual beliefs to contribute towards healing of an individual. This includes provision of quality health care and protection, which is aimed at ensuring that the patient gets well. Treatment of patients in both cases is the same such that there is no bias in terms of how health care services are provided to the patients. This implies that both Christian philosophy and Native American Spirituality accept to have health care services provision from people of other spiritual beliefs provided that their services are based on best practices and interests for the patients under consideration. Buddhism is one religion that has a strong emphasis on â€Å"mindfulness†. This implies that health care providers have to note that patients may seek for quietness and peace in order to meditate. This is an issue of concern for Buddhism religion (Ehman, 2007). Mo desty is another virtue that Buddhism religion emphasizes on. As such, cultural concerns of treatment by opposite sex may impact the process of patient caring and delivery of medication. The perspective of this religion with respect to healing of a patient is that prayers that are characterized of meditation by the patient contribute significantly towards the healing process. These prayers should be done in a silent and secure place where there are no people to interfere with the patient during the meditation process. The critical components of healing for this religion are praying. This involves loud chants that are done in a repeated manner within a quiet environment, which is

Quality In Internet Operations Department In Etisalat Information Technology Essay

Quality In Internet Operations Department In Etisalat Information Technology Essay Internet Operations Department in Etisalat spent a lot of time and effort on the quality of its process in order to reach and achieve a recognized international IT management standard such as SunTone Certification. The research shows the process of work developed in the department in order to achieve the SunTone Certification and to be aligned with ITIL international standard in three major responsibilities are: incident management, problem management and change management. Introduction: Quality became an important business issue due to the increase in competitiveness in world markets. The total quality management (TQM) approach introduced by W. Edwards Deming used by several organizations in the world to improve their operations and the processes used in all functional areas of their organizations. The basis of TQM is to reduce the errors produced during the manufacturing or service process, increase customer satisfaction and improve product/service quality, productivity, and competitiveness by improving communications with stakeholders (customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders and society). The application of TQM can vary from business to business, even across the same industry. Etisalat has a great initiative to introduce quality and get several quality certifications for most of its operational processes. Internet Operations Department worked on the last few years to develop its quality based on the appropriate quality standards and got the ISO9001 certificate as well as the SunTone certification, which I am going to concentrate on in this research. Etisalat is the only service provider in the Middle East to achieve Sun Microsystems elite SunTone certification for Internet Operations which offers internal external hosting and data centre solutions. According to Mr. Ali AlSharhan (EVP/IT Etisalat) The SunTone certification certifies our service delivery in areas such as architecture, implementation and management from service delivery environment. Through this, we can assure our customers that the Service Level Guarantees we provide are among the worlds best and backed by Suns independent auditing. (Etisalat enhances customer and internal service levels through SunTone certification, 2007)From left to right: Ali Al Sharhan Executive Vice President, IT, Etisalat; Tareq Alkharji Vice President Network Operations, Etisalat; and Marc Heger, Gulf District Manager for Sun Microsystems Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Marc Heger, Gulf District Manager for Sun Microsystems MENA said As part of its SunTone accreditation, Etisalat is the only regional managed hosting provider that can maximize its IT efficiency, benchmark and quantify the successful provision of services externally and internally, and document the improved quality of service that it is now providing, (Etisalat enhances customer and internal service levels through SunTone certification, 2007) SUN TONE CRTF.jpg In this research I am going to talk about the SunTone certification description, process, procedures, quality analysis and recommendation on best usage of quality certification in Internet Operations department. Objectives: The objectives of this research are: To learn about quality certifications applied on IT environment. To develop and improve the current quality process of the internet operations. To set recommendation on how to apply quality on IT environment and keep developing it. To analyze the internet operations quality practices internally through interview with quality manager in Etisalat. Significance: There are several important points that I am going to gain through this research such as: To understand the current practice of Internet Operations. To improve and develop the current quality process and adopt the best practices. To develop my current TQM Fundamentals course knowledge and compare it with the current quality practice of internet operations department. Hypothesis: The more quality applied on internet operations processes, the more positive and satisfied output will result to Etisalat internet products. Setting Service Level Agreement (SLA) and operational level agreement (OLA) between sections will have a positive impact on customers satisfaction. Literature Review: In fact no one wrote in this subject before, however an audit report was done to Sun Microsystems to highlight the quality aspects of Internet Operations Department in Etisalat. Chapter 2: SunTone Initiative In May 1999, the SunTone initiative lunched as a certification and branding program for service providers services to audit and certify web delivered software applications. Through a combination of IT management defined best practices, specifications and services, the SunTone Initiative enables organizations to cut time and cost to deploy high quality web enabled services. The SunTone Initiative also helps enterprises to gain high quality service products applications from external Service Providers and deploy them with confidence. The SunTone Initiative supports the practice of hosting and managing a range of web enabled services through a combination of internal external IT resources. Customers can take advantage of SunTone Initiative whether they intend to build world class services internally or to purchase high quality SunTone certified applications from IT service providers and software vendors. (About the SunTone Initiative) SunTone Benefits: The SunTone Initiative helps enterprises manage their IT services efficiently and cost effectively, in order to increase Quality of Service (QoS). The process of certifying services under the SunTone Initiative helps companies to: Meet Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with higher quality of service delivery Manage flexible, high quality IT services. Build and maintain IT staffing competencies. Better utilize existing IT resources. Adopt the sourcing strategy that make most economic, technical and business sense with full confidence. SunTone Certification process: There are three steps to get the SunTone certification are: SunTone Specifications The SunTone Service Delivery Specification is a guide to managing web-enabled services to the highest Quality of Service levels. The specifications provide guidelines and contain a checklist to allow enterprises to evaluate their current operations against the best IT practices. SunTone Enablers. SunTone Enablers are offerings and tools to help customers to meet the SunTone standards for higher quality network service delivery. Sun Services for the SunTone Initiative provide expert consulting, flexible learning solutions, and mission critical support focused on helping customers and partners meet the SunTone requirements for network service delivery. SunTone Audit Certification The SunTone certification audit performed by Sun or third parties validates the implementation and gives the company an industry recognized seal of approval for their web-based services. What is Quality of Service (QoS)? Quality of Service is a measurement of how well a service or solution complies with Service Level Agreements (SLAs). These metrics includes, but not limited to: Availability Reliability Support Response Times Security Disaster Recovery Processes Criteria of SunTone Certification: There are two different SunTone specifications, one for enterprise customers and service providers, and the other is for software developers. Each specification has its own requirements covering areas such as infrastructure, operational practices, hardware, software, and overall service delivery practices. Certifications of Enterprise customer solutions and service provider solutions must be renewed annually, and must conform to the standards of the current specification level. (Frequently Asked Questions) Chapter 3: Profile of the company: Emirates Telecommunication Corporation (Etisalat) is one of the telecommunication service providers in the UAE since 1976. It is now a well known Telecommunication provider in almost 18 countries in both Asia and Africa continents with more than 100 million subscribers. It has built up a modern telecom infrastructure and established itself as an innovative and reliable operator. 60% of Etisalat revenue gained from mobile services while the remaining is from other services such as landlines, internet, interconnect, etc. Based on that, Etisalat is considered as the 13th largest mobile network operator in the world. Financial Times ranked Etisalat as the 140th in the Top 500 corporations in the world in terms of market capitalization. Mission Statement: Etisalat has set a mission statement in order to derive its business towards customers satisfaction. Its mission has a great effect of innovation and development of new products and services to be provided to customers whenever needed. It has set the following mission statement, vision, values and future which will provide a clear guide to its business. Mission : To extend peoples reach. Vision: A world where peoples reach is not limited by matter or distance. Values: Energy,  Openness, Enablement Future: A world in which technology extends our reach. Etisalat is an international telecom provider covering 18 countries in the world based on investment, joint ventures and stack holding. Its business and administration is well defined and managed under the umbrella of Etisalat Group. Etisalat Telecommunication Corporation is one of the telecom service providers in the UAE. Etisalat UAE is headquartered in Abu Dhabi and includes three regional offices Abu Dhabi, Dubai, and Northern Emirates. It has been divided into that in order to concentrate on it specialization. The headquarter or what we call in Etisalat Head Office is specialized in planning, developing, marketing and managing all activities centrally. The regional office responsibility is to take care of normal operational work such as sales, finance, regional engineering and administrational work related to the region that was delegated to them by the head office. (Etisalat Website) Internet Operations: Internet Operations is the department that is responsible of operating the internet services provided to public such as internet access, emails, hosting services, data center services, Internet payment gateway, eSecurity services as well as internet access to other service providers internally in the UAE or externally in other nearby countries. It was founded in 1995 to provide internet service through dialup and then expanded to operate several other services with high quality reliable service. The department has several sections that look into different internet services provided to customers: Network Operations: This section is responsible of the network infrastructure of the internet service provided by Etisalat. They are responsible of the backbone of the internet that is connected to the international lines and carriers. Moreover, they are responsible of internet access services such as ADSL, leased lines, cable modems, etc. Service Operations: This section is responsible of the internet services provided by Etisalat such as email, web hosting service, database, etc. Security Operations: This section is responsible of the maintaining the security aspects of the internet and work as a gourd for all the internet service provided by Etisalat. Internet Network Operations Center: This section is responsible of monitoring of the internet network and services all the time and assuring high availability of the infrastructure. Internet Operation Hierarchy: Chapter 4: Research Methodology: This research is done based on an interview conducted with some employees who participated in developing the quality of Internet Operation department processes. I have done an interview With Mr. Asef Termizi, Sr. Manager/IT Governance Architecture Assurance and Mr. Anwar Bawab, Sr. Specialist/IT Governance Architecture Assurance, who were members in SunTone Certification process. Scope: The scope of this research is to collect data about quality implementation in Internet Operations department in Etisalat in order to understand the current process and overcome its limitations and errors. Limitation: I faced some problems while collecting data are: The SunTone Certification is limited to some eHosting services that are managed by several sections in Internet Operations department. Most of the sections in Internet Operations are applying processes that was defined several years ago or modified sometime ago without referring to quality assurance. So it was difficult to interview those sections and ask them about their quality measures of the current process. The SunTone Certification is a brand quality certification introduced by Sun Microsystems, and measures quality of the companies uses their hardware. It came to my attention that it is no more an accredited certification. That is why there is very limited information about SunTone on the internet. Data Collection: This research is mainly based on an interview with IT Governance Architecture Assurance Sr. Manager IT Governance Architecture Assurance Sr. Specialist in Etisalat participated in preparation of the SunTone certification. Also some of the information provided is based on SunTone Certification Audit Report provided by them. Data Analysis: Etisalat started in 2005 to introduce the SunTone certification for the Internet Operations department in cooperation with Sun Microsystems. This work continued up-to June 2007 to gain this certification after several audit, revision and initiatives applied to achieve the SunTone seal of approval. Internet Operations went through the most stringent service reliability requirements and assessment to ensure the efficiency of its People, Processes, Products (Technology Tools) and Partners (Suppliers, Vendors) (Termizi, 2010). The project was led by Internet Operations in coordination with Corporate Quality Department in consultation with Sun Microsystems. The SunTone audit and certification program incorporates principles from multiple industry standards, including ITIL and ISO. The program is built on the principles of IT Service Management excellence which included 15 assessment areas under the categories of Service Delivery, Service Support and Management, such as:- Service-Level Management. Service Architecture. Availability Management. Capacity Management. Data Center Management. Configuration Management. Change Management. Service Desk Management. Incident Management. Problem Management. Release Management. Etisalat got their SunTone Certification in only three assessment areas are: Incident Management: to restore normal service operation as quickly as possible and minimize the adverse effect on business operations, Problem Management: to resolve the root causes of incidents and thus to minimize the adverse impact of incidents and problems on business that are caused by errors within the IT infrastructure, and to prevent recurrence of incidents related to these errors. Change Management: to ensure that standardized methods and procedures are used for efficient handling of all changes, The SunTone certification signifies Etisalat ability to meet the highest quality standards in the industry, instilling process excellence in Etisalats IT Service Management strategy (Termizi, 2010). The process that Sun Microsystems auditors follow to recommend the accreditation to Internet Operations in their last assessment meeting in 2007 is: Review the previous improvement plan and examine the tangible evidence. Hold an initial meeting with the Etisalat Internet Operations, Co-location and e-Hosting Management Team to detail the Audit process. Verify that Etisalat has complied with the recommendations of the previous assessment within the scope of Co-location and e-Hosting Services. One-to-one interviews with key management and personnel require case by case examples of changes and incidents with particular emphasis on usage of ITIL disciplines, processes and related documentation. Review of specified documents. Collaborate with Etisalat, in terms of the implementation of ITIL disciplines and best practice. Preparation of the Auditors Report. (Bawab, 2010) The ITIL has a great input to develop the process on Internet Operations Department based on the best practices of IT processes. The Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) is a set of concepts and practices for Information Technology Services Management, Information Technology (IT) development and IT operations (Wikipedia, 2010). During the latest audit of the Sun Microsystems auditors, they highlighted some of the issues that Etisalat has to take care of in order to reach the highest quality standards such as Service Level Agreements. Etisalat should work on their SLAs with both customers and vendors in consideration of Risk Management. The SLAs with vendors and customers should carry the same service levels, penalties, reporting processes, escalation procedures, etc. Hypothesis: Setting Service Level Agreement (SLA) and operational level agreement (OLA) between sections will have a positive impact on customers satisfaction. Audit results: The audit results reported by Sun Microsystems auditors based on their latest assessment are: Etisalat should finalise and improve the implementation of three key ITIL responsibilities and related processes: Incident Management, Problem Management and Change Management. There has been a major drive to implement these aspects, in particular the Incident and Change with less importance at present being placed on Problem Management. Etisalat should rework their SLAs (both customer and vendor). The Auditor checked the SLA documents and is satisfied that SLA exists for all parties. Functional and Organisational Compliance of ITIL Management practices with specific regard to Incident Management, Problem Management and Change Management. There has been a huge amount of effort and refinement put into implementing these disciplines. Appropriate internal costing of services and service components. The actual cost per square metre of the data centre environment, various levels of manpower needed to install a service, electricity, set up costs of each service available to customers are available. Using the automated workflow and work order system installed, Etisalat have tight control over the amount of time each set up component. Use of a knowledge base of Known Incidents. The Auditor noted that the majority of calls were solved at the initial point of contact. Gain further maturity in ITIL disciplines. 150 Etisalat staff have been trained formally on ITIL. Automate processes where appropriate. The use of the HP suite of Incident, Problem and Change Management tools has satisfied the Auditor that the level of automation is excellent and widely used. (Bawab, 2010) Transition to ISO20000: The auditor has noted some high level issues relevant to focus the efforts the transition to ISO20000. There are a lot of similarly between SunTone and the ISO2000 standards, almost to the point one might say they are identical. The key drivers are Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and Operational Level Agreements (OLAs). The standards use: If you cant measure it you cant manage it. (Termizi, 2010) ISO20000 is the first international standard for IT Service Management developed in 2005 by the BSI Group. It promotes the adoption of an integrated process approach to effectively deliver managed services to meet the business and customer requirements (Wikipedia, 2010) In the diagram we can see the relationships between all the entities recommended to have a stable and high value Service Management system. In the middle we can see the plan, do, check act model. The model looks at the relationship between the input side (on the left); Business Requirements and the output side (on the right) Business results. Those controlled activities  convert input to output in a reliable manner. These measures are alien with customer satisfaction surveys. The linkages of the standards elements to the Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) activities are:   PLAN Plan Service Management DO    Implement Service Management and provide service CHECK Monitor, measure and review ACT Improvement. (Bawab, 2010) Hypothesis: The more quality applied on internet operations processes, the more positive and satisfied output will result to Etisalat internet products. (Veyeren, 2007) Chapter 5: Conclusion: Quality has become an important approach that organizations are taking care of while developing their process of work and managing their resources. Internet Operations Department in Etisalat spent a lot of time and effort on the quality of its process in order to reach and achieve a recognized international IT management standard such as SunTone Certification. The process of work developed in the department to be aligned with ITIL international standard in three major parts are: incident management, problem management and change management. Recommendation: There are several points that I can recommend in order to improve the quality of Internet Operations process in order to achieve customers satisfaction. Adopt a service level agreement (SLA) with the customers in order to provide the best service to customers. Develop the process of coordination and incident management between Internet Operations sections using an operation level agreement (OLA) in order to achieve the SLA. Adopt more ITIL management responsibilities such as: Service Level Management. Capacity Management. Data Center Management. Configuration Management. Service Desk Management. Work hard to gain ISO20000 Certification.

Blacks in Civil War Portrayed in The Movie Glory Essay -- essays resea

The American Civil War was a major war in the United States between the Union and eleven Southern states which declared that they had a right to secession and formed the Confederate States of America. They were led by Jefferson Davis who was elected as their president. The Union, led by President Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, opposed the expansion of slavery into territories owned by the United States and rejected any right of secession. The United States Civil War began as an effort to save the Union but it ended in a fight to abolish slavery. Tens of thousands of soldiers on each side, in battle after battle, had the courage to march in regular order against the withering fire of the defenders, while those around them fell with hideous and usually fatal wounds for many different reasons. Southerners fought for their rights and their way of life. Blacks for on another and for the end of slavery. Northerners fought to keep the Union together and latter on the end of slav ery. Blacks fought for Religion, to demonstrate to all that blacks are just as capable as whites in battle and to show Gods righteousness. Northerners had elected Abraham Lincoln as their president and were willing to fight for whatever he believed in and what he thought to be morally legitimate. In the beginning of the war, the Northerners were focused on the expansion of slavery into the newly created territories. They did not want slavery to extend into their because they wanted that area to be a work place for white men. They knew that if blacks went their that whites would loose their jobs to them so they tried to preserve that land for whites. but keeping it in the southern states where it had already was prohibited. The cause of the war shift... ...he had and that he had so much love for them. He even started to cry witch shows how much love he had for his fellow soldiers. The Massachusetts 54th regiment demonstrated great courage at Fort Wagner. by attacking Fort Wagner nonstop knowing that they were fighting against the wall and that they could easily lose. They still continued to fight because they were close and when they saw one of their own men fall to the ground, it hurt their heart so they fought for that person. They did this that because the regiment was the only family they had and the way they trained and acted made them closer and become like brothers. This was one of those grate emotional motives that really pushed them to fight even harder. This was also to prove to whites that blacks were just as capable as whites in battle. When they proved this they were braking stereotypical boundaries.

Parent always knew best for their children? Essay

Parents always know what is best for their children. To show this, they get overly protective to their children and ask their children to obey their rules. Of course, this is definitely not good for the children sometimes because it seems like parents do not give freedoms to their children to do anything they want to. However, it is parents’ responsibility to look after their children well for they are the ones who know what is good and bad for their children. Parents always give advices which sometimes annoy their children, but actually it is one of the depiction that they want all the best for their children. They give and do anything for their children’s happiness and success. They work hard to get much money for full-filling their children’s needs, especially for their school. They want their children to be successful people and have better jobs or higher degrees than what they have one day. Parents not only work hard, but also always pray for their children’s goodness. Parents are the vital eyes and ears that figure out what their children need and what services and facilities are available; they are the vital decision makers that shape their children’s experiences as they grow. Parents do good things in order their children can imitate it. For instance when parents teach their children how to respect other people so that the children know how to respect people around them. What parents do is for their children’s goodness. They want their children to be the best. Parents want what is best for their children. Furthermore, we know that parents matter more than anything else when we consider what contributes to the welfare of children. As the children, they should accept and listen what their parents want and say because no matter what happen parents do not want their children get failures for they know what is best for them.

A peak detector

Ac voltage to DC voltage and reduces the disturbance. The function can be explained as follow. The capacitor stores the current peak voltage.If he input voltage is larger, the op-amp output goes positive until the capacitor is charged up to the new peak value. If the input voltage is smaller, the diode keeps the capacitor from being discharged. This peak value of voltage that is stored on the capacitor will remain until this capacitor is discharged by a mechanical or electronic switch. Components of peak detector circuit Peak detector circuit consist of two operational amplifiers (op amps), by first op amps on diode Dn is connected in parallel manner and another diode Dp is connected in series manner.And this op amp is connected to the voltage supply. Another op amp and capacitor is connected with this circuit in series. A reset switch is added to the circuit by which the value of peak value that is stored on capacitor A resistor is connected between two op amps. When choosing the re sistor, the limits must be considered: rdf 12 l/fc, where fm is the modulation Frequency and fc is the carrier frequency. Working of peak voltage circuit: The typical peak detector uses voltage amplifiers and a diode or an emitter follower to charge the hold capacitor, CH, unidirectional.The diode conducts positive half cycles, charging the capacitor to the peak voltage value. When the input waveform falls below the DC peak voltage value stored on the capacitor, the diode is reverse biased, blocking current flow from capacitor back to the source. Initially the capacitor discharge(O V) by resetting the A that is negative in situation, Dp blocks current, TOB current is provided by 10 ohms and diode reverses leakage from drain capacitor and stop the output signal. If input inverting input exceed the voltage of the capacitor, he output of B races up to a positive value and current flows through Dp .The voltage drop of the diode is negated due to feedback voltage being after the drop. Th e capacitor charges until it has reached Vin or when Vin drops below its capacitor's voltage at the time of which A goes back into the negative saturation. The capacitor slowly discharge through the reset. This is a major source of droop on fast or low duty cycle signals since it will discharge some before. The next wave peak A- is a unity gain output buffer that prevents the next stage from draining the capacitor.

Information Security Essay

Information Security Essay Information Security Essay Network Security Past Present and Future ISSC340: Local Area Network Technologies Smith American Military University Introduction to Network Security Since the development of computer networks there have been weaknesses and those seeking to exploit them. Initially the reasons make have been non malicious and academic in nature, but later became ways to steal valuable data in cyberspace. Those who break into networks aka hackers have many different reasons for their network breaches and could range from stealing corporate secrets and national security information to those just getting a thrill and earning bragging rights to other hackers. Whatever the reason hackers have those seeking to protect themselves from these breaches will need to rely on Information Security professionals to keep network breaches to a minimum and ensure data remains protected. As more and more entities build networks of their own and put more and more data in cyberspace incidents of breaches will continue to increase as will the need to defend from them. Beginning of a Need for Network Security The history of network security can trace its roots to much earlier times and has roots in cryptography. People have used certain types of encryption to secure messages, information, communications and data for as long as opposing militaries and countries have wanted to get that information. During WW2 the famous enigma machine was developed and used to encrypt German communications. Today’s computers and networks utilize encryption and authentication techniques in order to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network and stealing information, secrets and other important data. (Marion, 2011) In the late 60s the origins of today’s internet the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was commissioned by the Department of Defense (DOD) for the purpose of researching networking. As we know by the large use of the internet ARPANET was a huge success, although it was originally intended for the sharing of data bet ween scientists and research. An Inter-Networking Working Group was developed to set standards in order to govern the network. Vinton Cerf was elected chairman of that working group. Cerf along with Bob Kahn and a team of others develop TCP/IP so computers using the internet can have a common language. One problem with TCP/IP is there are no security protocols within the communication stack. (Dava) While originally a limited number of computers were on the internet, the mid 80s saw a huge increase in personal computers and network ready servers which allow many companies and users to utilize the internet for the first time. In the 90s the World Wide Web was made available to the public. Before long massive numbers of people across the world are conducting e-business, communication, commerce, shopping, education, research and numerous other uses for the information super highway. Historical Threats to Computer Networks and Demand for Security A few of the more memorable network breaches in history exposed numerous flaws in networks and motivations for why some hackers expound large effort to breach these networks. Below are some of the more notable and show an example of different strategies for the same outcome, which is breaching a network. *In 1978 Gary Thuerk made the first mass email now known as SPAM on ARPANET advertising for a new model of computers. (Messmer, 2008) *On 2 NOV 1988 Cornell graduate student Robert Morris made an experimental self-replicating and self-propagating program and put it on the internet. The damage was much more than intended and computers at universities, military sites, medical facilities and others were infected. (Messmer, 2008) *In 2006 Jeanson James Ancheta who turned numerous computers on the Naval Warfare Center and the Defense Information Systems Agency into botnets to send spam was arrested. (Messmer, 2008) *In Information security Essay Information security Essay No4 Briefing update Regulating the Internet Will the Internet be allowed to develop as a completely unfettered medium, or will telecom and content regulators from government and industry play a major role in overseeing what happens? Opinion is divided. Almost three-quaters of the population would like to see some form of regulation but most people are unsure how it can be done. Whichever way the dust settles on this issue, the tension between free and regulated flow of online information will continue to spark heated debates amongst academics, policymakers, entrepreneurs and activists across the globe. Early in the new year, the Commission is to arrange a seminar to discuss the issue of Internet content regulation, as its contribution to the debate. Within the review of broadcasting regulation in the UK, the rapidly expanding use of the Internet plays a critical part. In its response to the Government’s green paper on the regulation of the communications industry, the Broadcasting Standards Commission called the Internet â€Å"a cross between a tribal notice board, an information exchange, a library, a chat line, an entertainment centre, a shopping and banking hall, and a post box..† In the Commission’s view it would be impractical to seek to apply the same regulatory requirements to what are essentially private applications as opposed to those which are public. With its experience in the regulation of content, the Commission is frequently asked to contribute to conferences and seminars on Internet issues. This edition of Briefing Update seeks to outline some of the issues for both the present and the future. A review written for the Commission by Madan Rao takes a broad view and this is followed by a consideration of regulatory issues with respect to the protection of children. Surfing the issues by Madan Rao National policy Perhaps the biggest challenge for national policymakers dealing with the Internet comes from the convergence it makes possible. Issues relating to the Internet economy necessarily involve inputs from the departments of trade or commerce, broadcast and print media, the telecommunications and electronics industries, education departments, national security and policing, consumer groups, and the private sector. Incorporating and addressing all their concerns within a comprehensive economic framework is a major challenge for many societies, particularly when faced with pressures of investing in more basic citizen and social services. However, free-speech advocates in the US and elsewhere argue that a global ratings system could invite action by governments that goes beyond this harmful or illegal content and would include restrictive laws to force publishers to rate themselves, punishment for those who misrated their content, or indeed censorship. Key decision areas facing policy makers include intellectual property rights on the Net, cyberlaw (eg. Internet taxation, digital certificate authorities, online crime), universal access to the Net, Internet telephony, and online content. This article focuses on three key areas pertaining to online content regulation: concerns for children, national culture, and on-line publishing models. The challenge from abroad Concerns for children Despite the vast educational potential of the Net, fears persist regarding the presence of content which could have a harmful effect on children using the Internet, especially sex, nudity, violence and language. These concerns have led to a number of international initiatives to co-ordinate hotlines for reporting illegal or harmful material. In Europe the Internet Watch Foundation is leading some of this work. Multilateral organisations like the United Nations and Interpol have held numerous international conferences to track and counter the use of the Internet for child pornography and child prostitution. One practical response has been the U.S. based

buy custom The Topic Sex Education essay

buy custom The Topic Sex Education essay Sex education is a topic that one never misses to hear from time to time. It is a very integral topic especially within the quotas of the young adults. While others hold that the dissemination of sex education should be increased, others hold the contrary. Looking at both the conflicting opinions, there are evidently solid premises to support the conclusions drawn. This paper however, seeks to expose the importance of sex education both in school and home. It is from this foundation that the argument that sex education should be increased both at home and in schools, steams. Besides, it also points out the contrary opinion to the above argument and seeks to demystify it. Introduction Sex education is the process through which an individual acquires information and forms attitudes and beliefs about a wide range of issues relating to sex. It is also referred to as sex and relationships education or sexuality education. Sex education include aspects such as human sexuality that include among others human sexual anatomy, reproductive health, sexual intercourse, sexual reproduction, contraception, abstinence, and other issues relating to human sexual behavior (Kristen 67). When sex education should start If sex education is to be successful among the preteens and the teens then it should start early in their lives. It should start as young as they have established patterns of behavior and have not reached puberty. The exact age at which this ought to start depends on the emotional, physical and intellectual development of the young people as well as their level of understanding. There is also need that the education is sustained through out as the child grows (Kristen 71). The provision of sexual education for children at an earlier age gives the basis upon which more complex knowledge can be built upon over time. When a child is informed on how people grow and change over time for instance, they get a foundation upon which they easily understand more detailed information about puberty, which is taught in the pre-teenage years. If we talk to them about how germs and viruses attack the body then it would be very easy for them to understand how infections are caught through sexual contact. There is curiosity however, that providing sex education at an earlier stage increases sexual activity. In fact the idea is that it leads to sexual experimentation. It is on this premises that the opposers of the above argument derive their conclusions. Unfortunately, it does not hold. A review done in the US showed that sex education in fact reduces sexual activity. The provision of sex education Sex education takes place in so many settings which include among others schools and homes. Parents or the care givers for example, have an opportunity to provide sex education to these teens at home. They get the chance to have a one to-one discussion with the children on specific questions, issues or concerns. This would go on for a long time until the child is an adult and would go and live on their own. There could be cases where the children are hesitant to open up, but this should not be perceived as there is nothing to talk about. There is hard proof that positive parent-child communication regarding sexual matters do lead to greater behavior change among the children (Kristen 74). Teachers on the other hand, also have an imperative role to play. Teachers do a lot in terms of teaching sexual education. Many at times if their delivery is effective and the curriculum is suitable then a greater impact is achieved. It would be important to mention at this point that the most efficient sex education takes into consideration the different contributions each setting can make. It brings in a combination of the settings to deliver the necessary message on sex education. The young people could also be involved in these programs to ensure relevance. This is important as through them the message would easily reach their pears. Consultation with them at the stage when the programs are designed is also helpful as it ensures not only relevance but also promotes delivery (Aggleton 42). The contrary opinion This section brings into focus the contradicting opinion that this paper seeks to discredit. There are others who hold that more sex education delivers no impact on the sexual behavior of our children. They argue that an increased sex education leads to sexual experimentation among the teens. They add that the target age is a bit curious and teaching them sex education would push them to act on that which they have not been told. This opinion is defeatist and has no substantial proof at all. Besides, they also hold a perspective that sex education can not stop teens from having sex. This is true as sex education just makes the children to be better equipped to handle the decisions that they make. According to them sex education in schools is a waste of time. The students in these schools are never enthusiastic to listen or find whatever the teacher. The way this school of thought regards this topic is irrational. It is sheer ignorance as they justify the teens have a right to sex because they are supposedly in love. There is utter need for an increased provision of sex education both in school and at homes. The importance of sex education It is prudent to discuss the reasons in a summary why sex education is importantbefore looking at why its provision should be increased in schools and at homes. Sex education provides the teen with information about matters that affect them. This is their right .It also helps the teens build solid foundations and so they mature into sexually healthy adults. This education gives them with the opportunity to develop and comprehend their attitudes, beliefs and values, about sexuality (Wight 103). Sex education reduces the risks of the negative outcomes that came with sexual behavior. These include unplanned or unwanted or pregnancies and infection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV. Sex education makes the young people able to make informed decisions over their lifetime and feel confident and competent about acting on these choices. It also helps them develop life skills that are useful and can be applied to sexual relationships (Guyatt 56). An effective sex education would develop the skills of negotiation, decision-making, assertion and listening in these teens. In addition to the above, there are also other important skills that they stand to gain. These include being able to deal with and challenging prejudice, recognize pressures from other people and to resist them, and being able to seek help from adults including parents, careers and professionals. The help from professionals can be sought through the community and their families (Mellan 90). Sex education as a course assists the teens to enhance their interpersonal skills and also relationships. It makes them to be in a position to exercise responsibility regarding sexual relationships. This includes dealing with pressures especially from their peers to engage in premature sexual intercourse, contraception use, abstinence, and other sexual health measures. Sex education at home and why it should be increased Parents and care givers ought to be the main teachers of sex education to their children. They should swing in and offer the necessary counsel in case of any opportunity. As the saying goes, charity begins at home and so should sex education begin at home. It has been stated in many research papers that the reason why many girls are having sex at such a young age girls is because they are in constant search for love that is not provided to them at home. The children do not feel loved and would want to be loved by someone. Thus, if it is not provided at home they go places looking for it. This would be one the reasons why there should be increased sex education at home. Parents are in constant pursuit of means to fend their children yet neglect the most essential duties to their children. There even cases where parents do not get to know about the pregnancies until the day their daughters are just about to give birth. We do not get solutions by running away from the problem. Neither, does it come by rejecting the need for an increased sex education at home. It is in these homes that the children get to know how to show love, respond to affection, and learn how to react in different types of relationships. This makes them have solid relationships without being swayed to any side. It is also at home that the children learn about sexuality for the first time. This happens when their parents speaks to them, change their clothes, play with them or when they teach them about their body parts (West 116). The argument that the more the parents teach their children on sex education the more the children are pushed to act on what they have not been told is void and null. It is by speaking about it that we instill in the children preventive measures. We help protect them from the hazards that come with unprotected sex (West 120). It is parents to initiate this process. They should not wait for others to do it for them. This is because their children spend most times with them. These children are also most likely to believe them most than any other person. The society is going down the drain in terms of morality today because the parents do not take any responsibility at all. They have rested their ears on the shoulders of those that opposes of this topic. If the parents do a good job on teaching their children what is acceptable and right, we would be having reinforced morals and ideals in the society. This alone suggests fewer numbers of teenage pregnancies (Wight 43). There comes a time when a child has grown into an adult and would receive formal sex education through schools and community-settings. At this time, parents wont get the chance to offer any advice concerning sex. The time to increase sex education at home is now. Parents should fold their sleeves for there is still a lot to be done. Sex education in schools and why it should be increased Sex education in schools not only complements but also supplements the sexuality education that the children receive from their parents and even religious and community groups. It is very important that sex education is provided space in the various curriculums for high schools. That is, both senior and junior high school. Sex education need to be taught in these schools for the reasons that are expounded below. Sex education is the solution to every sexual challenge that students face in schools today. In order to make progress in these lines, then we have to provide more of this education. This is because education opens up a new horizon in the mind and this makes the children be much careful and intentional with their lives. It is also in these schools that the children are under influence from their fellow pears. Thus, making schools the most appropriate place to disseminate sexual education. It is only in school that you find the teens and their friends together (Mellan 134). Sex education should be taught in school just to breach the gap created by the parents who are so engrossed in the pursuit of making a living and do not get time to teach their children on this important topic. This goes in a long way to build a strong foundation that the parents do not provide. There are several problems that could be prevented if the children have a sexual orientation in their schools, since in their families do not want to talk about it. Sex education also helps sensitize the teens on the repercussions of sex. Thus, it needs to be implemented in the high school coursework to make them aware of the consequences of unprotected sex. One of these consequences is teenage pregnancy. It hurts to hear that a child got pregnant at the age of eleven just because no proper sex education has been provided to them or the message was not properly delivered. Ignorance is a great disease especially among teens. Most of them especially the girls do not know first that they are fertile and that if they ever had sex, they would get pregnant (Coyle 19). A close look at todays society reveals that teenage pregnancy is very rampant. It has led to many school drop outs than ever. Others have to postpone their education and as a result end up being mothers at early ages. The causes of these pregnancies would be, in my opinion, incorrect education about sex from neighbors and friends. In other cases there is no sex education at all. If proper sex education was provided to these students right from their time of entrance into the high school program the result would be much different. Though, this is important sexual education may not stop teenage pregnancies. It may indeed just reduce them (NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination 14). The other consequence is STD (Sexual Transmitted Diseases).We can achieve a more healthy society if STD is taught in sex education. Many have died because of these diseases. The cause of death may be having unprotected casual sex with other individuals. Other people kick the bucket because they did not know the disease they are suffering from is STD even when the symptoms were too evident. In my opinion, religion has masked so many people. Religion has made them to live behind wall yet they suffer a lot. Others feel embarrassed to go to the doctors (Kalichman 78). Abortion is also the other problem that we can prevent if education on sex is increased in schools. Girls do no want to have babies and this makes them abort. When challenged with such a problem, the teenagers forget that the baby is a human being and deserves to live. There are different ways to prevent abortion. These include having protected sex, adoption and abstinence. These however, can never come not unless sex education is increased in schools (Bultman 44). Sex education is also appropriate in school since the age of the students is. According to development psychology, it is at this time that the children do not care or listen to anyone. In addition to this, relationship is a norm especially among the teens. The moment sex education is scrapped from the learning educations. Then the children would not know better how to go about relationships. They will be left exposed to the media that gives not only conflicting but also confusing ideologies about the whole topic. The media for instance, would promote the idea that being sexually active makes a person more attractive and mature. Such ideologies many at times are not geared towards instilling morality in this teens, especially in this capitalistic world (Schinke 87). Sex education instills a sense of responsibility in the students. It is in school that this can be well propagated since the essence of education is to make the student a much better individual than before. A responsible student will be sensitive about the consequences of sex (Guyatt 93). Sex education in schools would also encourage heterosexuality among the teenagers. The teenagers interact with homosexuals almost on a daily basis, if not in their homes, neighborhoods, churches then in schools. They would easily be victims of the homosexuals who are lurking in the shadows of the society, if light is not shed to them on both heterosexuality and homosexuality. Sex education would teach students about sexual preference. It would bring them to an understanding that homosexuality is not hereditary (Holland 12). It is probably how this education is delivered that determines its. The reason so many people are against sex education both at home and school is the claim that it did not have any impact in their lives while they were in school. The education got in through one ear and got out through the other. There also seems to be a greater urge among the teachers to bog the students mind with information about sexuality yet there is not even an impact analysis being done. Conclusion Sex education is an integral subject. Though, there are several attitudes and beliefs about it, it is necessary that it is increased in schools. An opinion like not having sex until one gets married does not imply withholding important information about safer sex and contraception. Avoiding the issue of sex education in our schools and homes is not the solution. We should seek to continue providing effective sex education that enables young people to choose whether or not to have a sexual relationship taking into consideration the potential risks of any sexual activity. Buy custom The Topic Sex Education essay

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A motivation letter or an essay is a very challenging assignment, as it may play an important part in your future and career. With its help, you can express yourself and show that you are a perfect candidate for a particular internship or position. There may be tens or even hundreds of applicants for the same program and the committee should want to see why you differ from the rest only by reading your CV and motivation letter. It should be not only catchy and intriguing but also show your skills, knowledge and aspirations, hiding all the possible imperfections. Some students may also be asked to complete such a letter after finishing their internship, which can be even more challenging than the one you write at the beginning. Such a personal statement should cover the whole time of you being an intern, your personal and academic achievements and much more. Topics, which you can discuss, may include: Describe a situation, where you played the leading part and managed to solve it successfully; Express how a particular program corresponds with your personal and academic goals; What skills, classes or experience make you the best candidate for the internship? It doesn’t matter what type of a topic you need to discuss, as they all centered around your personality and achievements, which will contribute to the internship and college you are applying to. Helpful tips If you stress out about completing a motivation letter, don’t worry too much and consider it a regular application essay. All you need to do is to give the committee a reason to select you and see that you have qualifications and personal achievements, necessary for the program. Here are a few tips, which will make your motivation essay perfect: Start your letter with a hook. It can be a sentence or even a paragraph, which will catch attention of the reader. The committee should be intrigued and want to learn more about you. Imagine how many essays they are going to read, so try to be interesting and different. You can start with examples, interesting facts or personal achievements, related to the subject; You should not only concentrate on the things, which you will obtain while being an intern but also on the things, which can be useful for the college. Try to explain why choosing you would be a great benefit for the college, university or company; As any other essay, your letter should have a thesis statement. It is very important, as it gives direction for your letter and gives the reader a chance to see what you stand on. Try to compose a sentence or two, describing the key features you possess and the main reasons, which motivated you to apply to the particular internship; Don’t rewrite your CV. You will attach it to your application, so there is no need to mention the same things over and over again. You should better demonstrate your motivation, potential and reasoning, instead of listing brief and boring facts of your bio; Try to avoid common phrases. There are many words, which most of the students use and which already have no value for the reader. For example, ‘I am a motivated team-player’ or ‘I want to gain experience in the field of interest’. It is better to describe more concrete qualities and skills you want to learn from the program; Be serious about the internship. Even if it is a part time program, which doesn’t have any fees, you need to be respectful and prove that you will take it seriously. A great advice is to take it as your job and consider an important step towards your future career; Don’t neglect guidelines. We understand how tempting it may be to show your creativity, trying to stand out from the rest. However, this doesn’t work with formatting and you need to stick to all the requirements about margins, fonts, spacing and so on. Don’t forget about the proper size of the paper. If else is not indicated, it is usually not more than 500 words long.

Position entirely your own about what 'college level writing' should Essay

Position entirely your own about what 'college level writing' should look like or what criteria students should have to be succe - Essay Example College level writing would be identified from its structure. Ideally, the student should give the plan of the writing in the first paragraph, and then followed by supporting paragraphs to be summarized in the final paragraph. The thesis statement should appear in the introductory paragraph, giving an indication of what the writing entails. In supporting the main idea in the writing, the writer should borrow from other sources. No writer holds all the information needed and should therefore consult other credible sources. Lunsford (n.d.) supports this argument noting that an integration of a great deal of other sources into a piece of writing shows the analytical aspect of a writer and the ability of such a writer to think at a higher level. Individual paragraphs adopt a similar structure, having introductory, explaining and concluding sentences. However, scientists and art students could argue against this structure, giving examples of writings of project reports and poems. They wou ld argue that writing could adopt any structure as long as it communicates the intended information effectively. Even with this approach, the basic structure would still have to apply where the writer begins with an introduction, indicating the objectives of the writing, then follows with a supporting body before giving a conclusion. To come up with a coherent piece of writing, editing plays a major role. As Lunsford (n.d.) noted, editing eliminates spelling, grammar and punctuation mistakes. This makes the writing understandable to the reader. Content in college level writing is highly regarded. As noted, college students have grown in writing and should therefore be able to impart knowledge through their writing. Having gone through primary education and then to high school, such students should have been exposed to a lot of writing tasks. From the mistakes made and the aspects that rewarded more, the students should have learnt the requirements for an effective writing. At the co llege level, the writers would be expected to think in addition to writing. Knowledge would only be communicated if the writer succeeds in analyzing and evaluating various texts from which information has been borrowed. As such, I support the argument by Lunsford that a writer at this level should be able to â€Å"bring other voices into the conversation† in a way that makes the writing informative (n.d., 184). However, I appreciate those who would argue against the need to borrow from external sources so as to give perfect wiring, such as those in creative and artistic writing. Despite this argument, it would be important to note that such writings have borrowed from external sources whether knowingly or unknowingly. The ability to evaluate these sources, extrapolate and integrate them in the writing produces effective college level writers. College writing should be motivated by the need to fulfill the objectives of the given instructions. Thos of the school of thought of L unsford indicate that writing should be driven by what one believes in. In fact, while analyzing the writing by â€Å"

Microcredit, women and empowerment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Microcredit, women and empowerment - Essay Example While other micro credit programs are usually subsidized by the government Grameen bank microcredit programs does not reduce interest rates but instead charges lower administrative costs (Hashemi, Ruler & Riley, 1996). In definition microcredit is an element of micro finance, which is to provide minimal amounts as loans to individuals who are not able to generate income for themselves and are considered as poor by the definition of that particular economy (Rahman, 1999). Microcredit is the provision of small amounted loans i.e. micro loans to poor people of any country. Such loans help those individuals to generate income for themselves and to live a better life. The role that microcredit plays in the empowerment of women is dependent on many different factors. The most important factor is the managerial control imparted by the program towards the women involved (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). The index developed by Goetz & Sen, Gupta, 1994 shows two extremes sides of the index. On one end according to them are women who have no control over the administrative process of acquiring the loan. Moreover they were not part of the activities which were funded by using the loan. On the other side are women who were part of the entire process (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). They should not only be part of the economic activities which result from the loan but should also be involved in marketing of the produce. According to the study carried out by Goetz and Sen Gupta, married women had very little control over the loans taken by them. This loss of control can have very negative implications for women. If the men are willing to take responsibility of the repayment of the loan it creates no problems for the female involved but totally negates the concepts of microcredit (Goetz & Sen Gupta, 1994). Two other situations can also arise. The members may be partially willing but unable to pay back the loan. In this case women are left to sell household items in order to

Services Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Services Marketing - Essay Example In 2001 Vodafone ranked first in market value amongst British companies. Companies are affected by macro and micro factors at every stage of the product life cycle. It had always been a first-mover taking advantage of the consumer demands but by 2002, Vodafone’s shares started declining. It had already made huge investments in the 3G technology and the returns were not as expected. Global wireless markets became saturated due to slowing down of demand and increased competition. The company drew a lot of attention in the global market due to its high-profile acquisitions. Their entrepreneurial culture became a hurdle in handling saturation, competition and overexpansion which led to departure of many executives. Its recent  £23.5bn write down earned it the title of biggest loss in UK corporate history (Best, 2006). The shareholders, executives and workers are all displeased with the current state of affairs. Sustaining high performance is difficult, which was the main problem that occurred at Vodafone. Being first-movers and market leaders led to complacency and over-zealous attitude. Vodafone perhaps overlooked that services have distinct characteristics as they are intangible in nature, inseparable, heterogeneous, perishable and have a different concept of ownership (Gabbot & Hogg, 1997 cited by Zwan & Bhamra, 2003). Accordingly, five capabilities support services innovation strategy: These capabilities can drive growth that paces industry performance say Kapur, Ferris, Juliano, & Berman (2006). Based on these parameters, this report will ascertain the problems that arose in Vodafone, what efforts it made to overcome them and suggest the possible solutions to the organization. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) systems and services were supposed to enter the market by 2002/2003 (Ballon, 2004). This was to be a transition from 2G to

How leadership communication differs from conventional management Essay

How leadership communication differs from conventional management communication - Essay Example Many leaders believe that they have communicated once they say something; if the person being directed to do something does not do it unintentionally, it means there was no communication because the receiver did not get the message. Communication is complete only if the receiver understood the message (Daft and Lane 261). In communication, what you hear is equally important to what you say, so communication is a two-way process. A leader is somebody who guides, directs, and motivates people. Leaders should have powers to motivate employees is an organization or people in a community to work together to achieve desired goals. Leadership and management are similar, and they differ in some ways: they both involve working with people, concern about effective management, and other related characteristics. In leadership communication, a leader must communicate effectively. Leaders spend most of their time communicating with the employees; it has been found that communication takes over 70 percent of leaders’ time per day (Daft and Lane 261). Leadership communication to employees or people he/she is in charge of is always transparent, trustful, and open while conventional management communication is normally a directive to the subjects about what needs to be done. This is because leaders are innovators, and they always want to further their innovation while managers are employed to administer the directives that will see the organization grow. A leader should do things he/she believes will help the organization progress. Leaders focus on employees while managers focus on both the customers and employees. Management communication is more consistent than leadership communication. This is because the management in an organization is always in touch with employees since they are in charge of running day-to-day functions and ensuring that the staff performs to the required limit; hence, they are giving directions all the time, unlike leadership, which is not always in touch with employees: they always offer policy decision and they are responsible for overall performance of the organization and its future (Daft and Lane 261). Conventional management communication is informative while leadership communication is not informative. Informative communication only informs the subject of what needs to be done while non-informative communication influences the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the subject, which is what is required from a leader. Leadership communication should be spelled out courageously; if communication is open and honest, it might contain some mistakes, but the mistakes will be better than uninspiring communications. If as a leader you do not have an answer to a question or a problem, admit that you cannot respond, and the employees will respect you believing that you are honest. Management communication should be specific while leadership communication can be changed. Specific communication is simple and concise and not confusin g. Managers should always be at the point and should avoid going around. With brevity and clarity, it will make employees obey time and become disciplined. In leadership communication, the message can be changed; this strategy will prevent the message from going bad. Since leadership is meant to spearhead the organization into the future, the leader’s message should be acceptable to everybody in order to push the

Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research - Article Example The purpose of this research is to explore the efficacy and sustainability of instructional coaching for teachers of diverse learners. The research question for the study was are teachers, of an institution designed for students from low-income areas, multilingual, and multicultural located in a large district with high economic disparities, efficient when providing instructional coaching intervention. Data was collected using mixed methods, whereby qualitative data was used to explore quantitative data collected from a quasi-experimental study with 36 urban elementary teachers participating. The results showed that teachers were positive about the benefits of instructional coaching to students from low income and multicultural societies (Teemant, 2014). The purpose of this research is to explore the implications for the development of supportive multicultural programs of learning at universities. The question that the research sought to answer was how learning institutions emphasize diversity enough in a multicultural society. Data was collected from 19 new GTA instructors, who completed the training. However, only 12 provided feedbacks. The results showed that instructors preferred removing barriers to integrating diversity issues into the educational experience of all students (Elicker, 2009). The purpose of this study is to develop necessary competencies to implement successfully culturally responsive teaching amongst teachers in their classrooms.

Language Investigation Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Language Investigation - Coursework Example Consideration of the written print in the newspapers about the language used by men and women is substantially credible to be accredited with the status of being spoken aloud. It is spoken aloud because it appeals to as many people that access it as possible. Repetto (2014) noted that it is a psychological issue determined at birth and that would explain the differences in communication styles between boys and girls. This language analysis will therefore focus on analyzing a collection of data between communication in males and female youth. Given that the males and females tend to behave differently, there is need to focus on the cause of the differences that are established. Communication is quite diverse. People communicate for various reasons and the same communication is expressed differently depending on the situations as stated in the introduction2. This research is therefore based on the hypothesis â€Å"the language used to advertise male and female products in magazines is different†. The main aim is to investigate the use of nouns as well as adjectives in advertisements expressed in English. This will be geared towards finding the gender differences in communication in these advertisement media. The main focus is to establish whether the gender differences likely to occur are in conformation with the expectations in behaviour in males and females. The materials for the methodology in this topic consist of magazines for males and others for females. In total, there are twelve adverts that are taken from the male and female magazines. For the magazines meant for the males, there is a collection of six adverts, two from cars and aeroplanes, two from international football and two from music electronics. The female magazines had six magazines too. Two were from ‘Lasting Romance’, two from ‘Breath That Love’ and the last two from ‘Te Amo’ Australian edition. All these are world-wide magazines. The

Research Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research - Article Example The purpose of this research is to explore the efficacy and sustainability of instructional coaching for teachers of diverse learners. The research question for the study was are teachers, of an institution designed for students from low-income areas, multilingual, and multicultural located in a large district with high economic disparities, efficient when providing instructional coaching intervention. Data was collected using mixed methods, whereby qualitative data was used to explore quantitative data collected from a quasi-experimental study with 36 urban elementary teachers participating. The results showed that teachers were positive about the benefits of instructional coaching to students from low income and multicultural societies (Teemant, 2014). The purpose of this research is to explore the implications for the development of supportive multicultural programs of learning at universities. The question that the research sought to answer was how learning institutions emphasize diversity enough in a multicultural society. Data was collected from 19 new GTA instructors, who completed the training. However, only 12 provided feedbacks. The results showed that instructors preferred removing barriers to integrating diversity issues into the educational experience of all students (Elicker, 2009). The purpose of this study is to develop necessary competencies to implement successfully culturally responsive teaching amongst teachers in their classrooms.

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay Example for Free

ASPECT OF CONMTRACT Essay Understanding the essential elements of a valid contract in a business context P1.1. Explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract There are several important elements in order to form a valid contract. 1. Offer and Acceptance.- In order to create a valid contract , there must be a lawfull offer by one party and lawfull acceptance of the same by the other party 2. Intention to Create Legal Relationship- In case,there is not such intetion on the part of partyes, there is not contract. Agreements of social and domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations .Case ; Balfour vs Balfour (1919) 3. Lowfull Consideration. Consideration has been defined in various ways Acourding to Blackstone Consideration is recompense given by the party contracting to another in other words of Pollock Consideration is the price for wich the promise of the another is brought †¦.consideration is known as quid pro-quo or something in return 4. Capacity of Parties ;The parties to an agreement must be competent to contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract , the contract is not valid Accourding the following persons are incopetent to contract ; a -miners, b-persons of unsound mind c-person disqualifield by low to wich they ar subject 5. Lawfull Object.; The object of an agreement must be valid . Object has nothing to do with consideration it means to purpoase or design of the contract. This when one hires a house for use of a gambling house , the object of the contract is to run a gambling house 6. Legal formailities ; An oral Contract is a perfectly valid contract espect in those cases where writing registration etc,is required by some statute, in India writing is required in cases of sale, mortgage lease and gift on immovable propriety, negociable instrument etc 7. Certainity of Meaning; Acourding to Section 29; Agreement the meaning of wich is not Certain or capable of being made certain are avoid 8. Posibility of Performance; If the act is imposible in itselfe physically or legally if cannot be enforced at law. For example Mr A agrees with B to discover treasure by magic. SUCH agreements is not enforceable P1.2. Discuss the impact of different types of contract A contract is an agreement between two parties that must include an offer , an acceptance and a consideration .There are a variety of different types of contracts used for different purposes, in addition, certain types of contracts may be more popular in one jurisdiction than in another Bilateral and unilateral implied, viodable,executory and oral contractat are among the common types of contracts used throughout the world Bilateral contracts make up the majority of the contracts drafted. A bilateral contract consists of tho parties who are under an obligation to do something or refain from doing something. For example a contract for the sale of goods is a bilateral contract. The buyer promises to purchase the product and, in turn, the seller promises to supply the product P1.3. Analyse terms ic contract with reference to their meaning and effect The terms of an agreement may be so vague and indefinite that in reality there is no contract in existence at all. (Scammell v Quston (1941)). The presence of a vague term will not prove fatal in every case. The contract itself may provide any disputes about the operation of the agreement can be resolved. (Foley v Classique Ltd (1934)). A court can ascertain the terms of a contract by reference to a trade custom or a course of previous dealings between the parties. (Hillas Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd (1932)). A meaningless term which is subsidiary to the main agreement can be ignored and the rest of the contract enforced. (Nicolene Ltd v Simmonds (1953)). Express terms, are the details of a contract which have been specifically agreed between the parties. (Harling v Eddy (1951)). There are a number of express term that feature a standard contract such as exemption clauses, liquidated damages clauses and price variatio n clauses. This terms can effect a contract. For example liquidated damages clause can affect the term in a contract, because it lays down the amount of damages that will be payable in the event of a breach of a contract. Cancelation charges are an example of a liquidated damages clause. Implied terms, represent addition terms that are implied into an agreement. Those can be by custom (Hutton v Warren (1836), by common low (The Moorcock (1889)), or by statute. The most common being the sale or supply of goods Act 1979. Be able to apply the elements of a contract in business situations P2.1. Apply the elements of contract in a given business scenarios In the business scenario 1, at an auction sale the call for bids by an auctioneer is an invitation to treat, the bids are offers. The auctioneer selects the highest bid and acceptance is completed by the fall of the hammer. (Payne v Cave (1789)). Advertising a forthcoming auction sale does not amount to an offer to hold it. (Harris v Nickerson (1873)). An offer can be revoked at any time before the acceptance but it will only be effective when the oferee learns about it, and it is not necessary that the oferor himself should tell the oferee that the offer has been revoked. (Dikinson v Dodds (1876)). The case study shows that the offeror was Montblanc auction and Harry, Miss Kaur the oferee shown the intention to bid for pen fountain at Montblanc auction, willing to travel to Manchester for it, and she also shown intention to buy pen fountain from Harry but she did not decided 100%, therefore, even though the offer was expre ssed to be open until after lunch break, such offer can be revoked before the end of the time limit, because Miss Kaur did not agreed with the offer. A promise to keep an offer open will be binding if it can be enforced as a separate contract. A legally binding option will be created if the oferee provides some consideration in return for the offeror’s promise to keep the offer open. (Mountford v Scott (1975)). In the case study, Miss Kaur could have paid a deposit in advance to make sure she could still have the pen fountain. Consideration was shown between Harry and Miss Kaur, and each side promise something to the other party. This was not the case with the Mountblanc Auction, even if the auction for the pen collection supposed to be open, the parties did not enter into a consideration. Intention, the low is not concern itself with purely domestic or social arrangements. The parties must have intended their agreement to have legal consequences. In the first case Mountblanc auction showed the intention to offer for bid the pen fountain, and this was mention in the list of items to be auctioned, but because of one or another reason this was cancelled. On the other hand Harry shown the intention to wait until after lunch for Miss Kaur, but because it wasn’t any written contract between them, he decided to sell his pen fountain with a better price of  £1000, breaching the informal contract that he had with Miss Kaur. In the context of contract low, Miss Kaur cannot take any action against the auctioneer for the expense of her travel to the auction and she cannot take any action to  Harry for not selling the fountain pen to her. Business scenario 1, shows that the agreement between Charles, owner of a house, and Murphy, who supposed to make renovation in the house by a set amount of money ( £50.000), at a specific date. Secondly, consideration is shown in the case study where both parties agreed to give something in return. Charles agreed to pay  £50.000 for the house renovation, and Murphy agreed with the sum initially. Intention, is shown when Murphy asked for an increase in salary in order for the job to be done in time, even if Charles agreed initially, than he turn his back on the offer that he made, respecting only the legal terms from the contract. In this situation Murphy can’t make any legal action against Charles. Capacity, in this case both parties where capable of fulfilling their commitments. Charles paying for the service, Murphy capable of doing the service. Genuineness of cons cent appeared between parties, when the initial contract was formed. Here was the time for Murphy to argue for an increase in salary, and not at a later date. Legality element of the contract is present, because it is nothing illegal or contrary to public policy. P2.2. Apply the law on terms in different contracts A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as an adhesion or boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favourable terms and is thus placed in a take it or leave it position. Examples of standard form contracts are insurance policies (where the insurer decides what it will and will not insure, and the language of the contract) and contracts with government agencies (where certain clauses must be included by law or regulation). For example MetLife insurance company, has the terms of the contract are contained in a written document, the parties will be quite clear about what they have agreed to and this is likely to minimise the possibility of disputes a later stage. For example MetLife can make a contract of a life cover with a minimum of  £7, in which the client would know the standard terms and condition stipulated in the c ontract. It would be very time- consuming to negotiate individual terms with every customer, because the company is offering a standard service to a large number of people. Standard form, business-to-consumer contracts fulfil  an important efficiency role in the mass distribution of goods and services. These contracts have the potential to reduce transaction costs by eliminating the need to negotiate the many details of a contract for each instance a product is sold or a service is used. However, these contracts also have the ability to trick or abuse consumers because of the unequal bargaining power between the parties. For example, where a standard form contract is entered into between an ordinary consumer and the salesperson of a multinational corporation, the consumer typically is in no position to negotiate the standard terms. As example MetLife representative often does not have the authority to alter the terms, even if either side to the transaction were capable of understanding all the terms in the fine print. These contracts are typically drafted by corporate lawyers far away from where the underlying consumer and vendor transaction takes place. The danger of accepting unfair or unconscionable terms is greatest where these artful drafters of such contracts present consumers with attractive terms on the visible or â€Å"shopped† terms of most interest to consumers, such as price and quality, but then slip one-sided terms benefiting the seller into the less visible, fine print clauses least likely to be read or understood by consumers. For example a customer of MetLife can be assured for accident protection, but there are only a specific accident that the company may cover the client. In many cases, the consumer may not even see these contracts until the transaction has occurred. In some cases, the seller knows and takes advantage of the knowledge that consumers will not read or make decisions on these unfair terms.(Standard Form of Contracts, 2014). P2.3. Evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts In the business scenario 4, terms stipulated in the contract are the payment for the research assistant ( £25000) and the working hours, witch in this case are â€Å"whatever hours are necessary to complete the assignments given to her†. Section 1 of Employment Rights Act 1996 that in fact requires the employer to state the amount of hours worked by the employee. Disciplinary procedures had to be insert in the terms of a contract, where, for example Miss Y had to receive a number of warnings that will be given to her before suspension or dismissal, for her behaviour of wearing trousers and not a dress, on the morning of 2nf June. Because of this terms of the contract, Miss Y can  appeal to grievance procedures that relate to complains in regard to any aspect of the employment with witch the employee is not satisfied. In this case dismissal for asserting the right is automatically unfair and there is no service requirements by reason of section 104 of the ERA 1996. (Riches, S. Allen, V. 2011). Under the Employment Act 2002, Miss Y can claim compensation for unfair dismissal. She can also claim because of the Working Time Regulation (SI 1998/1833),where is stipulated that the employee has a maximum of 48 of work a week, a daily rest of period at least 11 consecutive hours in 24 hours, and in work rest break of 20 minutes for those working more them 6 hours daily. Miss Y, could also claim compensation and Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, if the court finds that she receives medical treatment for depression due to the employment environment. Understand principles of liability in negligence in business activities P3.1. Contrast liability in tort with contractual liability Tort liability arises out of a civil wrong, for example, people who do business, sole proprietor or in a partnership are liable for the torts committed by themselves and for torts committed in the course of the business by their agent and/or partners. However, one may avoid tort liability for the acts of business associates if they operate their business as a corporation or a limited liability company. Thus, the choice of entity is too perceived to have potential benefit if one is concerned about limiting one’s tort liability. Regardless of what type of business organization a person is liable for torts committed by himself, if for example he/ she is driving the company vehicle and are involved in an accident the other party is liable if he/she negligently operated the vehicle whether he/she operate as a corporation, partnership or sole proprietor. (Business Law, 2014). Contractual Liability, appears when a corporation or a limited liability company may protect one’s pe rsonal assets should the operator incur a significant contractual liability from the business operation. For example, a building contractor signs a contract to construct an office building for a business client and fails to meet the contractual deadline, the business client holds the contractor liable for consequential damages profits lost for the time the client is not able to occupy the new building. Particularly in the construction area, contractual  liability may exceed simply the contract price. So long as one does not personally guarantee the contract of the business entity, his or her personal assets, assets owned outside the corporation or LLC, are protected as the corporate operator should not be personally liable for the corporate debts, contracts and contractual liabilities. Often, however, people dealing with corporations demand that the principals of the corporation personally guarantee the contracts. (Business Law, 2014). P3.2. Explain the nature of liability in negligence Liability of negligence appears when a claimant is able to prove that: â€Å"the defendant owed him a legal duty of care; the defendant was in breach of their duty; and the claimant suffered injury or loss as a result of the breach†. (Riches, S. Allen, V. 2011:348). For example a producer of goods may be liable to a consumer for loss and damage caused by his defective product under the tort of negligence. A consumer must establish the manufacturer owed him a duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) case, House of Lords established the principles that a manufacturer was a duty of care to all persons who are likely to come into contact with his goods. The breach in duty occurs if the fallowing factors such as the like hood that the damage or injury will be incurred, the serious of any damage or injury, the cost and ease of taking precautions and the social need for the activity. (Balton v Stone (1951). In the final part the claimant has to prove that he suffered damage if t his damage was caused by a negligent misstatement as in the case of Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller and Partners Ltd (1963), or it was consequent upon foreseeable physical injury or damage to property such in the case of Junior Brooks Ltd v Veitcho Co Ltd (1982). P3.3. Explain how a business can be vicariously liable Employers can be held vicariously liable for acts of negligence or omission on the part of their employees in the course of employment even if the employer did not authorise or was unaware of the acts in question. To mount a successful defence, an employer must demonstrate either that the employee was not negligent or that the employee was acting in an individual capacity unrelated to the business of the employer. In some circumstances employers may also be liable for the misdemeanours of their independent contractors or  workers employed by a third party, such as an agency. For example, this applies where the employer authorises the wrongful act or had overall responsibility that could not be delegated. For example an employee that works for a catering agency, who does wrong doing at one of the clients that the agency is sending him to work for, the agency can be responsible for. The main deciding factor as to which employer has the responsibility for a sub-contractor or agency worker is that of control. The employer who gives direction and instructions for the work to be conducted will usually be the one to bear responsibility for misdemeanours carried out during the course of that work. If more than one employer can be identified as having control over the work of the employee then the principle of dual vicarious liability may apply. This is a principle introduced by the decision of Lord Justice May in the recent case of Via systems (Tyneside) Limited v Thermal Transfer (Northern) Limited Others. The case involved compensation for a flood at a factory which had been caused by the sub-contractor of a sub-contractor. In his ruling, Lord Justice May decided that more than one employ er could be subject to a claim and that the amounts awarded should be split equal unless it could be clearly demonstrated that one party bore more of the responsibility than the other. This courageous decision overturned the principle established in Laugher v Pointer in 1826 that only one employer could be held vicariously liable. (Vicarious Liability, 2014). Be able to apply principles of liability in negligence in business situations P4.1. Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in different business situations The tort of negligence is concern with certain kinds of careless conduct with cause damage or loss to others. As explain in task 3.2. There are three factors to consider. Firstly duty of care, if this duty is break and if the other party suffered any damages. In the Business Scenario 5 it is presented the fact that a UK ship was taking oil in Sydney harbour, spilling oil in the water, and because of a spark it set fire to a wharf witch was at 200 yards distance. The case also shows that safety precaution were taken but does not explain how. On the one hand, it can be argued therefore that the duty of care of the UK ship was broken, because the ship supposed to take more precautions on the duty of care and harm any neighbour. The defendant has break their duty of care  because the likelihood of an accident such as this could be foreseen. On the other hand, it can be argued that the defendant can claim â€Å"res ipsa loquitur†, witch mean that the facts spick for themselves, and it can be prove to court that the UK ship took enough safety precaution to avoid any accident, therefore the defendant would not be seen as negligent. The condition must be satisfied for res ipsa to come to play are in case of the event which caused the accident must have been the defendant’s control, witch in this case can be argued that it was, and the accident must be in such nature that it would not have occurred if proper care had been taken by the defendant, witch again could be argued that the ship took enough safety precaution. The damage that occur after this accident was that the claimant suffered damaged on his wharf, thereby he has to prove in court that this damages was made as a consequences of the UK ship actions in the harbour. In the case of Business Scenario 6, the negligence was made by Shell, because they had failed to provide protection goggles to Bell while he was working in spite of the fact that this was not a normal practice at the firm. Negligence was also made but the employee Bell, because firstly he supposed to protect himself especially because he had lost one eye, and he could have been more precaut. The breach of duty was made by Shell, because the job that Bell has implied vehicle maintenance, and while working with materials such as metals, the company should have provided protection for Bell under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. Bell, can therefore claim compensation for its employee negligence towards him, because he suffered injury while working at Shell Company. P4.2. Apply the elements of vicarious liability in given business situations Low states that an employer is liable for damage caused to another person by his employee, while the employee was caring out his work. The employer is liable even though he was not in any way at fault, and this rule even if seems to be unfair for the employer, it is based upon the law and policy. Employer and employee are regarded as â€Å"associated parties† in the business in which both are engaged. In the Business Scenario 7 and 8, Alf and Amos Bridge breach their contractual duties, therefore because they were acting at work, the employer is automatically consider guilty as well by the court. References: 1. Business Law, Available at: http://pullman-wa.com/law/businessLaw.htm, [Accessed on 12.03.2014]; 2. Riches, S. Allen, V. (2011), Keenan and Riches’ BUSINESS LAW, 10th (ed), Pearson: London; 3. Standard form Contracts, Available at: http://faircontracts.org/what-are-standard-form-contracts, [Accessed on 15.03.2014]; 4. Vicarious Liability , Available at : http://www.uktrainingworldwide.com/BB/VicariousLiability.htm; [Accessed on 13.03.2014];